Functional Groups June 6,2011

Functional groups:
-Groups are organic compounds can cantain elements other than C& H
-Most reactive oart of the molecule
-maybe a single atom(such as F, Cl, B or I) or groups of atoms

Ex. Alcohols, Halides(Halogen) or Nitro, aldehydes, ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Ethers, Amines, Amides, Esters

Halides and Nitro compounds
Halogen(Halides) and Nitro cmpounds are named similar to that of simple hydrocarbon and can be attached to alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

The main-chain name will receive one of the following prefiexs if the appropriate group is attaced.
*Use di- tri- tetra- in front for multiple groups
Halogen                 Nitro
F=floro                  NO2=Nitro
Cl=Chloro
Br=Bromo
I=Iodo

properties of Halogenated compounds.
-compounds contain Halogen(F, Cl, Br & I are generally insoluble in water)
-fluorinated hydrocarbon are inert(unreactive)
-compounds contain Cl or Br are more reactive, but only under drastic dconditions
-compounds contain I are very reactive. I atom can easily be replaced by other functional compounds.
Ex.

 

2-chloro-1,1,2-Trifloroethane

 

Properties of Nitro Compounds(No2)

1. Normally insoluble in water.

2.Unreactive to chemical attack except under drastic conditions.

3.Tend to be explosive.

4.Pleasant odour.

 

Ex. TNT (Tri Nitro Toluene)

 

 

 

Alcohols

-An Alcohol is an organic compound that contains OH(hydroxyl) in functional group.

-Alcohols are named by

·using the longest chain contianing OH

·“E” ending changes to "Ol"

Ex. Methol   

 

 

*Count in the way that give "OH" a smaller number

 

Properties of Alcohol

-The hydroxyl group(OH) in an alcohol tends to make the type of compounds soluble in water.

The hydrocabrn chain tends to be insoluble in water.

 

All alcohol are poisonous to some degree, including C2H5, the form of alcohol present in alcoholic beverages.

 

Ex.

 

propanol

 

Multiple-OH

-if a compound has more than one -OH group number. Add -diol  -triol

 

1,2---ethandiol

 

Aldehydes & Ketones

-both are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl functional group(double boned oxygen)

 

Aldehydes:

-a compound that has doulbe bonded oxygen at the end of a chain

-change the parent ending "e" to "al"

Ex. methanal(simplest)

 

 

  butanal

 

 

Ketones:

-compound has doubled bonds oxygen that are not on either end.

Ex.

propaone.